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On taking over the administration of Assam, after the Yandabu treaty of 1826, the British also did not immediately introduce any revolutionary changes and the army was employed in the task of maintaining law and order. Army outposts were also set up at different places for this purpose. however, the high expenditure in maintaining a large body of troops reduced the number of troops to just four regiments by 1839-40. Steps were taken to increase the armed component of the Civil Police in the province. The necessity of raising a separate force under the civil government apart from the armed civil Police was also felt and the first unit of this new organisation was formed.

This was the ‘Cachar Levy’, formed in 1835 by the Civil Service Officer, in-charge of Nowgong district, Mr. Grange, to guard new settlements and tea estates. It consisted of 750 officers and men of different ranks, viz., Inspectors, Head Constables and Constables. Three years later, a similar body, called ‘Jorhat Militia’, was formed to protect the border areas against frequent border transgressions. It was also known as the ‘Shan militia’, as the recruits were mostly from the Shan community. Eventually it was merged with the ‘Cachar Levy’, which was subsequently renamed as ‘Frontier Police’ in 1883 and then as ‘Assam Military Police’ in 1891 and then again as ‘Assam Rifles’ in 1920.

After 1862, the British deployed regular troops in several parts of Assam to consolidate its occupation and a police establishment consisting of one Darogah, one Jamadhar and a number of constables was maintained at each district headquarters. The duties included guarding of the Eastern Frontier of Assam from the Brahmaputra River to Cachar. The Levy was a force of a semi-military nature. The men were poorly paid and the duties were arduous and often involving fighting. It is important to note that at the initial stage most of the recruits were from Bengal, as the local Assamese were not interested in joining the low-paid police service. The Government found that the Police force inducted from outside was not only inefficient but also oppressive, and therefore, decided to attract local Assamese youth to improve the character and efficiency of the police force. In October 1843 the Government upgraded the salary of the Darogah from Rs. 25 to Rs. 100 and there was a corresponding hike of the salary of other police personnel. This development saw the gradual induction of Assamese youth into the police force.

The Police Act of 1861 was introduced in Assam in 1862 and the Criminal Procedure Code was also brought into operation in the same year. Till 1874, Assam was administratively a part of the British-ruled province of Bengal and was administered through an agent of the Governor-General. The Police officers were home in the Bengal Cadre and the control and supervision of the Police Department were under the central administration.Following this, there were new administrative developments, and one such was in respect of law and order and prevention of crime. Under the Police Act of 1861, eleven Police Districts were created in Assam. These were : (1) Goalpara, (2) Kamrup, (3) Darrang, (4) Nagaon, (5) Sibsagar, (6) Lakhimpur, (7) Garo Hills, (8) Khasi and Jaintia Hills, (9) Naga Hills, (10) Cachar and (11) Sylhet. The police administration was run from Shillong, the provincial capital. The first Inspector General of Police was Chichele Plowden, who was a civil servant. The police was divided into four branches:
(i) Civil Police, employed in the districts for maintenance of law and order and prevention of crimes and other miscellaneous duties generally entrusted upon the police
(ii) Frontier Police, a quasi-military force entrusted with the responsibility of protection of the border
(iii) Municipal Police, created to look after the law and order in the towns, and was subsequently amalgamated with the Civil Police in 1882, and
(iv) Rural Police, a security force to handle the law and order in the villages.

While the Rural and the Municipal police occupied an insignificant position, the mainstay of the police force in Assam was the Civil and the Frontier Police. Civil Police was the principal Police force in the Province and its total strength in 1874, at the time of constituting Assam as a Chief Commissioner’s province was 3,352. This was done in accordance with the decision of the Government of India on March 5, 1878 as a part of its reorganisation of the police force. The force was classified into two categories viz. (i) Civil Police for the discharge of ordinary Civil functions and (ii) The Frontier or armed Police for quasi-military work. Although the Frontier Police (which was, as stated earlier, renamed as Armed Police in 1891) was created in defend the frontiers, it was also used very often to assist the civil police. At the beginning of 1881, there were Municipal Police at Goalpara, Guwahati, Dibrugarh, Sylhet, Sibsagar, Silchar and Shillong but from the 1st April of the year, the Municipal Police excepting those at Sylhet and Shillong, were amalgamated with the ordinary Civil Police. In addition to these two broad categories, a new police force called “Punitive Police” was formed in 1880 under the Police Act of 1861 and was deployed in Sylhet and Goalpara to handle the recurrence of disturbances there. Later on it was deployed in the Khasi Hills. It was known as “Punitive” because it realised the cost of its maintenance from the erring inhabitants. Five years later, the Railway Police Force was created in April 1885 with one Head Constable and 4 Constables to assist the Railway Survey Party.

The Assam Police Frontier regulation of 1882 provided for the maintenance of proper discipline in the force and fixed the terms and conditions of service in the Assam Frontier Police. Further changes were witnessed in 1883 when the Frontier Police was re-organized to give it a distinct military role and the defence of the entire Frontier line was placed in its hands. The Frontier Police was organized into four corps which was stationed in Cachar, Lakhimpur, Garo Hills and Naga Hills. With the exception of these four districts the duties of guarding the Jails and Treasuries were taken over by the Civil Police.

The New Province of Assam came into existence in 1912. During that year, the formation of a new battalion for the North-East Frontier was sanctioned and a scheme for the re-organisation of the whole Military Police Force into four uniformed Battalions of equal strength was drawn up and submitted to the Government. A Finger Print Bureau was set up at Shillong. The Criminal Investigation Department(CID) was established in 1913 under the special Superintendent of Police and A.E.H. Shettleworth was the first to occupy this position with three branches under his jurisdiction-the Special Branch, concerned with Intelligence and extremist activities, the Investigation Branch, the Finger Print Bureau as already mentioned. Considering the importance and volume of work, the post of Deputy Inspector General of Police(CID) was created in 1935 and R.R.Cuming became its first DIG.

The Assam Civil Police Committee constituted in 1929 under the chairmanship of Sir Syed Mohammad Saadullah, after making a detailed study and seeking the opinion of various sections of the public, arrived at a few notable conclusions:
(i) It was felt that there was a wide gap between the police and the public, which made the police unpopular. The unhappy relationship was attributed to the frequent abuse of power by policemen.
(ii) There was widespread inefficiency and corruption in the police administration which could be tackled only by revamping it with the recruitment of educated youths;and to attract educated persons to the police department, the salary structure, which was very low, should be raised.
(iii) The training of the constabulary too had been neglected so far which affected the quality in the echelons of the police administration. Therefore, it was recommended that there should be one year thorough training of this class of police personnel ina well-staffed training school.
(iv) Fifty per cent of the subordinate ranks should be filled in by promotion after a departmental examination and
(v) the traditional red turban should be replaced by a hat and due emphasis should be given to a smart and tidy turn out.

Although some of these conclusions and recommendations received the attention of the Government, such as the upward revision of the salary structure, departmental promotion through examination and remodelling of the police uniform, there was hardly any visible step towards qualitative improvement of the police administration. The River police and the Rural police never received proper attention of the Government and remained as neglected segments of the Police organisation during the British Rule in Assam.